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-'''Map Standards'''<br/>
-''' 1. Portrayal (ISO 19117:2012)'''
-:'''Overview of ISO 19117:2012'''
-{| class="wikitable"
-| Full name
-|ISO 19117:2012, Geographic information -- Portrayal
-|-
-| Version
-| Edition 2
-|-
-| Amendments
-| None
-|-
-| Corrigenda
-| None
-|-
-| Published by
-| ISO/TC 211
-|-
-| Languages
-| English, French
-|-
-| Online overview
-| Not available yet
-|-
-| Type of standard
-| ISO International Standard <br/>Meta level
-|-
-| Related standard(s)
-| OpenGIS Styled Layer Descriptor Profile of the Web Map Service Implementation Specification <br/>OpenGIS Symbology Encoding Implementation Specification
-|-
-| Application
-| ISO 19117 specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geo-spatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues.
-|-
-| Conformance classes
-| Portrayal core (general) <br/>Portrayal core – symbol <br/>Portrayal core – portrayal function <br/>Portrayal core – portrayal catalogue <br/>Portrayal core plus condition function extension <br/>Portrayal core plus context extension <br/>Portrayal core plus symbol parameter extension <br/>Portrayal core plus compound symbol extension <br/>Portrayal core plus complex symbol extension <br/>Portrayal core plus reusable symbol component extension <br/>Portrayal core plus symbol parameter extension
-|}
-'''Scope'''<br/>
-This International Standard specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geo-spatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues. This conceptual schema can be used in the design of portrayal systems. It allows feature data to be separate from portrayal data, permitting data to be portrayed in a dataset independent manner.
-:This International Standard does not address the following:
-:* standard symbol collection (e.g. International Chart 1 – IHO);
-:* a standard for symbol graphics (e.g. scalable vector graphics [SVG]);
-:* portrayal services (e.g. web map service);
-:* capability for non:*visual portrayal (e.g. aural symbology);
-:* dynamic rendering (e.g. on the fly contouring of tides);
-:* portrayal finishing rules (e.g. generalization, resolve overprinting, displacement rules);
-:* 3D symbolization (e.g. simulation modelling).
-'''Implementation benefits''' <br/>
-The conceptual schema defined by ISO 19117 allows the development of a portrayal for a specific application field. This schema can be exchanged and implemented in different applications. One of the main benefits of ISO 19117 is that it will allow datasets to be displayed according to some specification without changing or manipulating the original dataset. Portrayal allows the client to create a unique representation for features to communicate an explicit meaning. ISO 19117 can be applied to a variety of products, such as hard copy maps, digital maps, and online representations in a web browser.
-'''Implementation guidelines''' <br/>
-Portrayal is the process of presenting information to humans. The portrayal mechanism (as shown in Figure 11.1) makes it possible to portray a single dataset in multiple ways without altering the dataset. Each feature will point to a rule that is applied when the feature is generated on a map, for example.
-[[File:Figure 11.1.png|frame|center|alt= Illustration of the portrayal mechanism (Source ISO 19117:2012).|Figure 11.1 Illustration of the portrayal mechanism (Source ISO 19117:2012).]]
-The conceptual schema described in ISO 19117 is based on UML and follows the guidelines set out in ISO/TS 19103. The schema contains a series of UML packages, defining the portrayal core, and extensions for conditional functions, context, compound symbols, reusable components, parameterised symbols and the portrayal functions that use parameterised symbols. Fundamental to the concept of portrayal is that the symbols and portrayal functions shall be not be part of the dataset.
-: The portrayal core package is divided into three sub packages:
-:#Portrayal Function package<br/>This package is used to define mapping functions. The information to be portrayed shall be defined in an application schema, and all mandatory and conditional (if required) portrayal function elements shall be present in the functions. This package also ensures that elements, which are not being portrayed, are mapped to symbols with no components.
-:#Symbol package<br/>Symbol package is used to define symbols. For the symbol package a default symbol needs to be assigned, and all the mandatory and conditional (if required) symbol elements that shall be present. The core symbol class supports basic symbols, however, one can extend it, for example, with hatch fills or reusable symbols.
-:#Portrayal Catalogue package<br/>The portrayal catalogue package is used to define portrayal catalogues. The portrayal information, such as the feature portrayal functions and applicable symbols shall be present in the portrayal.
-'''2. Regulations of the IHO for international (INT) charts and chart specifications of the IHO (S-4)'''
-:'''Overview of S-4'''
-{| class="wikitable"
-| Full name
-|S-4, Regulations of the IHO for international (INT) charts and chart specifications of the IHO
-|-
-| Version
-| Edition 4.4.0
-|-
-| Amendments
-| None
-|-
-| Corrigenda
-| None
-|-
-| Published by
-| IHO
-|-
-| Languages
-| English, French
-|-
-| Online overview
-| http://iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-4/S-4_e4.4.0_EN_Sep13.pdf
-|-
-| Type of standard
-| IHO Regulations <br/>Application level
-|-
-| Related standard(s)
-| S-11 Guidance for the preparation and maintenance of international chart schemes and catalogue of international charts <br/>S-57 IHO transfer standard for digital hydrographic data <br/>S-52 Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS <br/>S-65 ENCs: Production, maintenance and distribution guidance
-|-
-| Application
-| S-4 specifies regulations of the IHO for International (INT) charts and chart specifications of the IHO. It specifically looks at regulations of the IHO for International (INT) charts, chart specifications of the IHO for medium- and large-scale National and International (INT) charts, and chart specifications of the IHO for small-scale International (INT) charts.
-|-
-| Conformance classes
-| None specified
-|}
-'''Scope'''<br/>
-The publication S-4 (previously M-4) ‘Regulations of the IHO for International (INT) Charts and Chart Specifications of the IHO’, includes:
-:* Part A: ‘Regulations of the IHO for International (INT) Charts’
-:* Part B: ‘Chart Specifications of the IHO for Medium- and Large-scale National and International (INT) Charts’
-:* Part C: ‘Chart Specifications of the IHO for Small-Scale International (INT) Charts’
-The three parts of S-4 are further subdivided into Sections dealing with specific topics. Regulations and Specifications relating to particular topics may be found either by their subject matter in the Contents page at the beginning of each Section, or by reference to column 5 of INT 1 for Part B and the index for Part C. Cross referencing draws attention to related Regulations, Technical Resolutions and Specifications. This publication was developed and maintained by the IHO’s Chart Standardization Committee to 2003. Its maintenance is now the responsibility of the Chart Standardization and Paper Chart Working Group, to which comments and corrections should be advised.
-'''Implementation benefits'''<br/>
-The regulations set out in S-4 are very detailed and provide guidelines for every aspect of a chart from design through production to dissemination. It is important that charts are designed and produced according to these regulations and guidelines to ensure safety for navigation. The intended users need to be able to read and understand charts produced by any country at any scale; this can only be ensured through rigorous regulations.
-'''Implementation guidelines'''<br/>
-When S-4 was originally prepared, the term chart referred to a paper chart. Since then, electronic charts have become widely used. Digital charts require additional regulations, which are set out in S-52, S-57 and S-61. S-4 provides regulations for three types of charts:
-:# International Charts<br/>There are two types of international charts: marine navigation and information source. Marine navigation charts are produced by national hydrographical offices to cover international waters. The main aim of these charts is to assist in the safe navigation of coastal waters. Information sources are large-scale chart publications showing the detailed configuration of the seabed offshore. The information about the seabed shape is required by various users, for example, for navigation and construction purposes.
-:# Medium- and Large-scale Charts <br/>Medium- and large-scale charts are charts with a scale of 1:2 000 000 and larger.
-:# Small-Scale Charts <br/> Small-scale charts are charts with a scale smaller than 1:2 000 000. These charts provide a complete and comprehensive small-scale coverage, usable by all nations, for the world’s oceans.
-S-4 specifies regulations for the following aspects of international charts: general, schemas of International charts, specifications for International charts, maintenance of international charts, exchange of reproduction material, and financial aspects.
-For medium- and large-scale charts the regulations are more detailed. The regulations cover topics such as the terms and conventions used, translations of terms, symbology, geographic units, text styles, and use of colour.
-Lastly, the regulations for small scale charts look at the chart in general, the format of the chart, topography, hydrography and aids to navigation, geographic names, and style sheets.
-'''3. Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS (S-52)'''
-:'''Overview of S-52'''
-{| class="wikitable"
-| Full name
-| S-52, Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS
-|-
-| Version
-| Edition 6.0.0
-|-
-| Amendments
-| None
-|-
-| Corrigenda
-| None
-|-
-| Published by
-| IHO
-|-
-| Languages
-| English
-|-
-| Online overview
-| http://iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-52/S-52_e6.0_EN.pdf
-|-
-| Type of standard
-| IHO International Standard<br/>Application level
-|-
-| Related standard(s)
-| IMO Performance Standards for ECDIS, 1995 edition <br/>S-57 IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data <br/>IHO INT 1 Symbols, Abbreviations, Terms used on Charts <br/>IEC 62288 Presentation of navigation related information - General requirements, methods of test and required test results <br/>IEC 61174 ECDIS - Operational and performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results <br/>IEC 60945 Maritime Navigation and Radio Communication Equipment and Systems – General Requirements – Methods of Testing and Required Test Results <br/>IHO S-32 Appendix 1: Hydrographic Dictionary - Glossary of ECDIS-related terms <br/>IHO S-60 User´s Handbook on Datum Transformations involving WGS-84
-|-
-| Application
-| S-52 defines the specifications for Chart Content and Display Aspects of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS), which are intended to contribute to the safe operation of ECDIS.
-|-
-| Conformance classes
-| None specified
-|}
-'''Scope'''<br/>
-These Specifications for Chart Content and Display Aspects of ECDIS are intended to contribute to the safe operation of ECDIS by:
-:* ensuring a base and supplementary levels of display for ENC data; standards of symbols, colours and their standardized assignment to features; scale limitations of data presentation; and appropriate compatibility with paper chart symbols as standardized in the Chart Specifications of the IHO.
-:* ensuring the display is clear and unambiguous,
-:* ensuring that there is no uncertainty over the meaning of colours and symbols on the display,
-:* establishing an accepted pattern for ECDIS presentation that becomes familiar to mariners and so can be recognized instantly without confusion.
-'''Implementation benefits'''<br/>
-S-52 was developed to ensure safety and efficiency of navigation by satisfying the requirements set out in the performance standards for ECDIS. The colours and symbols defined in S-52 are based on common symbology of conventional paper charts. However, due to the special conditions of the ECDIS chart display as a computer generated image, the ECDIS presentation of ENC data does not match the appearance of a conventional paper chart closely. The specification of symbols and colours ensures that the charts can be used and understood by individuals from different regions.
-'''Implementation guidelines'''<br/>
-ECDIS have become popular with the widespread use of computer systems. S-52 provides specifications to ensure that these ECDIS are developed and used optimally. S-52 consists of the following components:
-:# Considerations – organising the display <br/>The design considerations go into great detail about the display and the different aspects of the data to be displayed. They provide detailed guidelines for the design process.
-:# Symbol specifications for areas, lines and points, and for text <br/>The symbol set for ECDIS is described in this specification and illustrations can be obtained in the ECDIS Chart 1 (in the Presentation Library).
-:# Specifications for colours <br/>EDCIS manufacturers can use any technology to develop their display as long as it meets the requirements set out in this specification. The requirements for the colours are described in detail and an accompanying file can be downloaded from the Presentation Library.
-:# Specifications for the display screen <br/>The physical display requirements specify a minimum screen size of 270mm X 270mm, a resolution greater than 864 lines per mm, and the use of 64 colours. The calibration of the display should be performed according to the guidelines in Annex 1 of S-52.
-There are also two annexes on the procedure for initial calibration of colour displays and the maintenance thereof.
-'''4. ENCs: Production, maintenance and distribution guidance (S-65)'''
-:'''Overview of S-65 ENCs'''
-{| class="wikitable"
-| Full name
-| S-65 ENCs: Production, maintenance and distribution guidance
-|-
-| Version
-| Edition 2.0.0
-|-
-| Amendments
-| None
-|-
-| Corrigenda
-| None
-|-
-| Published by
-| IHO
-|-
-| Languages
-| English, French
-|-
-| Online overview
-| http://iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-65/S-65_ed2.0.0_Apr12.pdf
-|-
-| Type of standard
-| IHO International Standard<br/>Application level
-|-
-| Related standard(s)
-|  S-57 IHO transfer standard for digital hydrographic data <br/>S-52 Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS
-|-
-| Application
-| S-65 provides guidelines for the production, maintenance and distribution of Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs).
-|-
-| Conformance classes
-| None specified
-|}
-'''Scope'''<br/>
-This document provides a high level guide to the production, maintenance and distribution of Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs). It offers a framework to inform hydrographical offices of the processes and requirements necessary to produce, maintain and distribute ENCs. It provides references to documentation, which can support each stage of the process. It is not intended to serve as a technical reference manual but to enable hydrographical offices to gain an overview of ENC production processes, and the requirements and procedures that need to be in place to set up an ENC production facility.
-'''Implementation benefits'''<br/>
-S-65 enables Hydrographic Offices to gain an overview of ENC production processes, and the requirements and procedures that need to be in place to set up an ENC production facility. The process promotes accuracy and consistency across borders, provides up-to-date information in a timely manner, and satisfies user needs for safety in navigation.
-'''Implementation guidelines'''<br/>
-ENCs consist of digitized data conforming to the specification set out in S-57 which record the relevant charted features necessary for safe navigation, such as coastlines, bathymetry, buoys and lights. The basic unit of geographic coverage for ENC is called a cell. S-65 describes the entire ENC process from production to distribution, and provides guidelines to hydrographical offices on the process and requirements. The following stages form part of this process:
-:# Design production process <br/>This stage consists of two steps: production method and quality system. During the production method, decisions on the source material are made. These depend on factors such as the quality and format of existing survey data, availability of accurately transformed data, and the facilities to produce rectified raster images. After the decisions on the source materials have been made, the production process is designed and a Quality Management System (QMS) is developed. Procedures should be in place at all the stages of the production process to ensure accuracy and consistency. Quality control and quality assurance are important during the production of ENCs.
-:# Define ENC production requirements <br/>The following steps are recommended to each Regional Hydrographic Commission (RHC): identify key shipping routes and ports within the region, identify charts covering these routes and ports to be captured as ENCs, identify producer nations for ENCs, and arrange for their production. The national production plan shall define which geographic areas are to be captured, which navigational purposes are to be populated for each area, how the areas are to be divided into cells for each navigational purpose, and the order of capture. This plan depends on factors, such as the liaisons with bordering countries and priority traffic routes, to name a few.
-:# Acquire production system <br/>The production system should depend on the production plan and the extent of data capturing that will be contracted out. Dependencies should be specified in the statement of requirements. There are two main types of production systems. The first type populates and maintain a database of ENC objects, attributes and attribute values in a format that is conformant with S-57. The second type creates individual flat files for each single ENC cell.
-:# Obtain and train staff <br/>The data should be structured and follow other requirements as set out in S-57. The content of the ENC, limits of the cells and cell navigation purpose are not covered in S-57 and should be decided upon.
-:# Prepare specification for data capture <br/>
-:# Capture data for new cells <br/>Data can be captured in-house or contracted out. The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) data capture specifications and quality procedures are recommended.
-:# Edge match data <br/>It is important that the borders of cells with the same navigational purpose match, and accuracy should always be kept in mind. The cells should also match between countries and the hydrographical offices should collaborate to achieve this.
-:# Verify and validate data <br/>Verification and validation are important to ensure that the ENC cell content is accurate and consistent. Cells need to be checked for content and capture accuracy. Validation checks as specified in S-58 should be performed.
-:# Maintain ENCs <br/>After the ENC cell has been produced and distributed to the end users, the data should be maintained. The overall Quality Management System should include a mechanism for updating the cell design to meet the user needs. The processes for updating paper charts and ENCs should be synchronised. When an update is performed or a new edition is available, a Notice to Mariners is published.
-:# Distribute ENC data <br/>The distribution mechanism shall provide users with up-to-date ENC data in a timely manner to ensure safe navigation. The distribution system shall also ensure data integrity and data protection. The system should allow automatic updates of ENC data.
-'''5. Facts about electronic charts and carriage requirements (S-66)'''
-:'''Overview of S-66 Facts'''
-{| class="wikitable"
-| Full name
-| S-66, Facts about electronic charts and carriage requirements
-|-
-| Version
-| Edition 1.0.0
-|-
-| Amendments
-| None
-|-
-| Corrigenda
-| None
-|-
-| Published by
-| IHO
-|-
-| Languages
-| English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese
-|-
-| Online overview
-| http://iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-66/S-66_e1.0.0_EN.pdf
-|-
-| Type of standard
-| n/a
-|-
-| Related standard(s)
-| S-57 IHO transfer standard for digital hydrographic data <br/>S-52 Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS <br/>S-65 ENCs: Production, maintenance and distribution guidance
-|-
-| Application
-| S-66 was developed to avoid uncertainty regarding terminology, to provide rules for professional marine navigation, and to describe the types of electronic charts that are available.
-|-
-| Conformance classes
-| None specified
-|}
-'''Scope'''<br/>
-The International Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) includes a requirement for all ships to carry to up-to-date nautical charts and publications for the intended voyage. Progressively from 2012, the chart carriage requirement for certain classes of vessels is to be satisfied by electronic means using an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS).
-Feedback from those involved in the use of charts and electronic charting systems including manufacturers, distributors, users, ship owners, regulatory authorities, pilots, harbour authorities and others indicates a requirement to provide guidance on the regulations and the status of equipment that is available in the market today. In particular the differences between the various types of equipment and the differences between the various types of chart data offered to the users are unclear with respect to the regulations in place.
-This document has been produced to help clarify some of the uncertainties. It is not intended to replace or amend national or international rules and regulations. Readers should always refer to the relevant national administration or Flag State for the latest detailed information.
-This document consists of a number of interrelated sections. This first section contains information on various aspects of electronic charts and electronic chart display systems in the form of questions and answers. The main emphasis is on what can be used to satisfy the SOLAS carriage requirements for charts.
-:* Section 1: Overview of electronic charting and regulations
-:* Section 2: A list of points of contact for detailed information on Flag State Implementation of ECDIS
-:* Section 3: ECDIS Training
-:* Section 4: Technical aspects of electronic charts
-:* Section 5: Appendix: References, glossary, further reading
-'''Implementation benefits'''<br/>
-S-66 is very beneficial to any person working with ENC or ECDIS. It provides a detailed introduction and general information on the field, and also useful information such as links to online resources, and a list of abbreviations.
-'''Implementation guidelines''' <br/>
-S-66 is for information purposes and cannot be implemented. It provides detailed information on ENC, ECGIS, flag authorities, training objectives for ECDIS training, and technical details of electronic charts.

Difference between revisions of "Map standards"

Revision as of 11:07, 4 May 2016

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