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<div></div>Sajanihttp://wiki.icaci.org/index.php?title=File:Fig_10_9_Main_classes_in_the_Surveying_and_Representation_package.png&diff=93File:Fig 10 9 Main classes in the Surveying and Representation package.png2015-12-13T15:41:46Z<p>Sajani: Sajani uploaded a new version of File:Fig 10 9 Main classes in the Surveying and Representation package.png</p>
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<div></div>Sajanihttp://wiki.icaci.org/index.php?title=Template:Vanchor&diff=73Template:Vanchor2015-11-28T18:22:55Z<p>Sajani: Created page with "'''Examples of spatial reference systems by identifier'''"</p>
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<div>'''Examples of spatial reference systems by identifier'''</div>Sajanihttp://wiki.icaci.org/index.php?title=File:Fig_10_9_Main_classes_in_the_Surveying_and_Representation_package.png&diff=70File:Fig 10 9 Main classes in the Surveying and Representation package.png2015-11-28T13:09:58Z<p>Sajani: </p>
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<div></div>Sajanihttp://wiki.icaci.org/index.php?title=Standards_for_Web_dissemination&diff=56Standards for Web dissemination2015-11-22T13:48:45Z<p>Sajani: Created page with "'''1. Standard web services for accessing geo-spatial data''' <br/> This section provides a tabular overview of standards required for accessing geo-spatial datasets through t..."</p>
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<div>'''1. Standard web services for accessing geo-spatial data''' <br/><br />
This section provides a tabular overview of standards required for accessing geo-spatial datasets through the internet. Services provide users (and applications) to access geo-spatial data in a variety of formats ranging from a JPEG map image to a GeoJSON file containing the geometry and attribute data. The services described provide a standard interface that can be deployed in various geo-spatial applications, as well as in spatial data infrastructures (SDIs). The standard interface allows the services to be interchangeable and chained to create more sophisticated services. The services outlined in this section are only some of the basic and well-known geo-spatial services used for accessing geo-spatial data.<br />
<br />
'''Services (ISO 19119:2005)''' <br/><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| ISO 19119:2005, Geographic information – Services<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| Edition 1<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| Amendment 1<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| ISO/TC 211<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English, French<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:19119:ed-1:v1:en:1<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard<br/>Meta level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| ISO 19128:2005, Geographic information – Web Map Server interface <br/>ISO 19142:2010, Geographic information – Web Feature Service<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| ISO 19119 is a high-level standard that describes service architectural patterns, presents a taxonomy for geographic services, and provides guidelines for the selection of services. OGC Web Service Common Implementation Specification is a similar standard.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Service architecture test module <br/>Service specification test module<br />
|-<br />
| Implementation benefits<br />
|The taxonomy provides standard terms that can be used to describe services in a standard way. ISO 19119 provides details on chaining patterns that assist developers when implementing a service chain. Furthermore, the standard defines the basic concepts required when developing or implementing services to ensure integration and interoperability of the services.<br />
|-<br />
| Products<br />
| Standards such as Web Map Server and Web Feature Service are based on the concepts described in ISO 19119.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Web Map Server interface (ISO 19128:2005)'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| ISO 19128:2005, Geographic information – Web Map Server interface (also published as OpenGIS Web Map Service Implementation Specification)<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| ISO: Edition 1<br/>OGC: V1.3.0<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| ISO/TC 211 and OGC<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English, French<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:19128:ed-1:v1:en<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard and OpenGIS Implementation Specification<br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| ISO 19119:2005, Geographic information – Services <br/>ISO 19142:2010, Geographic information – Web Feature Service <br/>OpenGIS Catalogue Services Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| ISO 19128 describes the interface for a Web Map Server (WMS). WMS allows a client to request a map image, for example, a JPEG file, from a web service. OpenGIS Web Map Tile Service Implementation Specification is a similar standard.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Basic WMS<br/>Queryable WMS<br />
|-<br />
| Implementation benefits<br />
| Through implementing a WMS interface, data can be exposed in a standardized way so that any client familiar with the WMS interface can request a map image of available data. The client specifies parameters, such as the data source, bounding box, and symbology, for the map, through the interface. WMS does not generate map elements, such as a legend. The service can be reused by different clients and is more cost effective than developing a custom service.<br />
|-<br />
| Products<br />
| deegree 3.3 is an example of an OGC compliant open source implementation of the WMS interface. GeoServer 2.5.2 is an example of an open source implementation of the WMS interface. These implementations are generally easy to use, and libraries, such as OpenLayers, have integrated support for WMS calls.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Web Map Tile Service'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| OpenGIS Web Map Tile Service Implementation Standard<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| V1.0.0<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| OGC<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wmts<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| OpenGIS Implementation Specification<br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| ISO 19119:2005, Geographic information – Services <br/>ISO 19142:2010, Geographic information – Web Feature Service <br/>OpenGIS Catalogue Services Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| The OGC WMTS provides a complementary approach to the Web Map Service (WMS) for tiling maps. WMS focuses on rendering custom maps and is an ideal solution for dynamic data or custom styled maps (combined with the OGC Style Layer Descriptor (SLD) standard). WMTS trades the flexibility of custom map rendering for the scalability possible by serving of static data (base maps) where the bounding box and scales have been constrained to discrete tiles. The fixed set of tiles allows for the implementation of a WMTS service using a web server that simply returns existing files. The fixed set of tiles also enables the use of standard network mechanisms for scalability such as distributed cache systems.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Client test module <br/>Server test module<br />
|-<br />
| Implementation benefits<br />
| With WMS (ISO 19128) custom maps can be rendered for dynamic data or custom styled data. OGC WMTS trades the flexibility of custom maps for the scalability possible by serving static data (base maps) more efficiently.<br/>The main benefit of using WMTS is that tiles can be rendered server-side and then cached client-side. This reduces waiting time and bandwidth limitations. OGC WMTS is used to accelerate and optimize map image rendering and delivery.<br />
|-<br />
| Products<br />
| GeoWebCache 1.5.3 is one example of an implementation of OGC WMTS.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Web Feature Service (ISO 19142:2010)'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| ISO 19142:2010, Geographic information – Web Feature Service (also published as OpenGIS Web Feature Service Implementation Specification)<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| ISO: Edition 2 <br/>OGC: V2.0.0<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| ISO/TC 211 and OGC<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English, French<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/wfs<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard and OpenGIS Implementation Specification<br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| ISO 19119:2005, Geographic information – Services <br/>ISO 19128:2005, Geographic information – Web Map Server interface <br/>OpenGIS Web Map Tile Service Implementation Standard OpenGIS Catalogue Services Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| ISO 19142 describes the interface for a Web Feature Service (WFS). WFS allow a client to access and perform transactions on geographic features independent of the underlying data store. These WFS implementations allow clients to edit geographic features online and store the changes to the underlying data store. <br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Simple WFS <br/>Basic WFS <br/>Transactional WFS <br/>Locking WFS<br />
|-<br />
| Implementation benefits<br />
| WFS allow a client to retrieve features or values of features (attribute data) from an underlying data store, and also to access the features to modify or delete features. With WFS the data can be stored in any database or as a shapefile on a server, for example, and the same operations can be performed on the data. This allows the user to query and edit data without having to consider the format of the data.<br />
|-<br />
| Products<br />
| deegree 3.3 is an example of an OGC compliant open source implementation of the WFS interface.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Filter encoding (ISO 19143:2010)'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| ISO 19143:2010, Geographic information – Filter encoding (also published as OpenGIS Filter Encoding 2.0 Encoding Standard)<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| ISO: Edition 1 <br/>OGC: V2.0.0<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| ISO/TC 211 and OGC<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English, French<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:19143:ed-1:v1:en<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard and OpenGIS Implementation Specification<br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| ISO 19117:2012, Geographic information -- Portrayal <br/>ISO 19119:2005, Geographic information – Services <br/>ISO 19128:2005, Geographic information – Web Map Server interface <br/>ISO 19142:2010, Geographic information – Web Feature Service <br/>OpenGIS Styled Layer Descriptor Profile of the Web Map Service Implementation Specification <br/>OpenGIS Symbology Encoding Implementation Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| ISO 19143 describes XML and Key-Value Pairs (KVP) encodings of a system-neutral syntax for expressing projections, selections and sorting clauses, collectively called a query expression. <br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Query <br/>Ad-hoc Query <br/>Functions <br/>Resource Identification <br/>Minimum Standard Filter <br/>Standard Filter <br/>Minimum Spatial Filter <br/>Spatial Filter <br/>Minimum Temporal Filter <br/>Temporal Filter <br/>Version navigation <br/>Sorting <br/>Extended Operators <br/>Minimum XPath <br/>Schema Element Function<br />
|-<br />
| Implementation benefits<br />
| Filter Encoding (FE) describes XML and KVP encodings for expressing filters for spatial queries to select a subset of features based on specific attributes. FE is used in conjunction with other standards and thus allows a client to, for example, create a map using a WMS that only shows residential areas.<br />
|-<br />
| Products<br />
| FE is implemented in conjunction with other services, such as WMS or WFS. An open source examples of an implementation of FE is OpenGeo Suite 4.1.1.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Catalogue Service'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| OpenGIS Catalogue Service Implementation Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| V2.0.2<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| OGC<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/cat<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard and OpenGIS Implementation Specification<br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information – Metadata <br/>ISO 19119:2005, Geographic information – Services <br/>ISO 19128:2005, Geographic information – Web Map Server interface <br/>ISO 19136:2007, Geographic information -- Geography Markup Language (GML) <br/>ISO 19142:2010, Geographic information – Web Feature Service <br/>OpenGIS Web Map Tile Service Implementation Standard OpenGIS<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| Catalogue services support the ability to publish and search collections of descriptive information (metadata) for data, services, and related information objects. The OGC Catalogue Services Specification defines the requirements for the interface and bindings to realise these functionalities. This specification includes an HTTP protocol binding, called the Catalogue Services for the Web (CSW).<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| None specified<br />
|-<br />
| Implementation benefits<br />
| Catalogue services are an important aspect of most spatial data infrastructures (SDI). It allows the client to search and discover data and associated services. The catalogue service relies on metadata of the data and service.<br />
|-<br />
| Products<br />
| The geoportal of an SDI is commonly an example of a catalogue service. A proprietary catalogue service implementation is the Esri Geoportal Server 1.2.5.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Sensor Observation Service (SOS)'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| OpenGIS Sensor Observation Service Interface Standard<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| V 2.0<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| OGC<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sos<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard and OpenGIS Implementation Specification<br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| ISO 19156:2011, Geographic information – Observations and Measurements <br/>OGC Sensor Planning Service Implementation Standard Service <br/>OGC SensorML: Model and XML Encoding Standard<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| OpenGIS Sensor Observation Service Interface Standard defines a standardized interface for managing and retrieving metadata and observations from heterogeneous sensor systems.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Main Requirements class <br/>Transactional Extension <br/>Result Handling Extension <br/>Enhanced Operations Extension <br/>Spatial Filtering Profile <br/>Binding Extension<br />
|-<br />
| Implementation benefits<br />
| Sensors are currently the largest contributor of data in the geo-spatial system. The OGC Sensor Observation Service (SOS) allows the aggregation of readings from live, in-situ and remote sensors. OGC SOS provides the client with the capability to discover or bind with individual sensors, sensor platforms, or networked constellations of sensors.<br />
|-<br />
| Products<br />
| An open source implementation of the SOS service interface is available from 52° North, 52N Sensor Observation Service (SOS) 4.0.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''2. Standards for styling geo-spatial data'''<br/><br />
This section provides a tabular overview of standards required for styling geo-spatial data on the web. The standards outlined in this section are rarely implemented without one another. Styled layer descriptor (SLD) and symbol encoding (SE) are also mainly implemented with WMS that supports specifying a style for rendering geo-spatial data allow the user more freedom in their design decisions when requesting a map.<br />
<br />
'''Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD)'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| OpenGIS Styled Layer Descriptor Profile of the Web Map Service Implementation Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| V1.1<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| OGC<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sld<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard and OpenGIS Implementation Specification<br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| ISO 19117:2012, Geographic information -- Portrayal <br/>ISO 19119:2005, Geographic information – Services <br/>ISO 19128:2005, Geographic information – Web Map Server interface <br/>ISO 19143:2010, Geographic information – Filter encoding <br/>OpenGIS Symbology Encoding Implementation Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| SLD is an XML schema that defines the structure of a layer style. SLD defines styles that <br/>can be used for publishing raster and vector data available through a WMS. Basically, <br/>SLD is what makes the map more colourful and user-friendly and it is responsible for <br/>telling the server how to render the map.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Integrated SLD-WMS <br/>Component SLD-WMS <br/>Feature Portrayal Service <br/>Coverage Portrayal Service<br />
|-<br />
| Implementation benefits<br />
| SLD allows users to define their own styles. With SLD users can develop style sheets that can be used for specific maps, such as topographic maps. This provides consistency and is an effective method for generating maps. The SLD style sheets are reusable and interoperable.<br />
|-<br />
| Products<br />
| Commonly, SLD is implemented in conjunction with a WMS. A number of these implementations also provide extensions on the standard SLD. An example of an SLD implementation is GeoServer 2.5.2.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Symbology Encoding (SE)'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| OpenGIS Symbology Encoding Implementation Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| V1.1.0<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| OGC<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/se<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard and OpenGIS Implementation Specification<br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| ISO 19117:2012, Geographic information -- Portrayal <br/>ISO 19119:2005, Geographic information – Services <br/>ISO 19128:2005, Geographic information – Web Map Server interface <br/>ISO 19143:2010, Geographic information – Filter encoding <br/>OpenGIS Styled Layer Descriptor Profile of the Web Map Service Implementation Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| The OGC Symbology Encoding (SE) standard has initially been a part of the Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) 1.0 standard. OGC SE describes the actual syntax for the description of styles.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Basic Schema conformance <br/>Basic Feature Styling Functionality <br/>Basic Coverage Styling Functionality <br/>Full Feature Styling Functionality <br/>Full Coverage Styling Functionality<br />
|-<br />
| Implementation benefits<br />
| OGC SE defines a language for specifying the style of a map. This language can be used to portray the output of WMS, WFS and CSW. <br />
|-<br />
| Products<br />
| SE is implemented in conjunction with a SLD. An example of an SE implementation is GeoServer 2.5.2.<br />
|}</div>Sajanihttp://wiki.icaci.org/index.php?title=Map_standards&diff=55Map standards2015-11-22T10:50:59Z<p>Sajani: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Map Standards'''<br/><br />
''' 1. Portrayal (ISO 19117:2012)'''<br />
:'''Overview of ISO 19117:2012'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
|ISO 19117:2012, Geographic information -- Portrayal<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| Edition 2<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| ISO/TC 211<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English, French<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| Not available yet<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard <br/>Meta level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| OpenGIS Styled Layer Descriptor Profile of the Web Map Service Implementation Specification <br/>OpenGIS Symbology Encoding Implementation Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| ISO 19117 specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geo-spatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Portrayal core (general) <br/>Portrayal core – symbol <br/>Portrayal core – portrayal function <br/>Portrayal core – portrayal catalogue <br/>Portrayal core plus condition function extension <br/>Portrayal core plus context extension <br/>Portrayal core plus symbol parameter extension <br/>Portrayal core plus compound symbol extension <br/>Portrayal core plus complex symbol extension <br/>Portrayal core plus reusable symbol component extension <br/>Portrayal core plus symbol parameter extension<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Scope'''<br/><br />
This International Standard specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geo-spatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues. This conceptual schema can be used in the design of portrayal systems. It allows feature data to be separate from portrayal data, permitting data to be portrayed in a dataset independent manner.<br />
<br />
:This International Standard does not address the following:<br />
:* standard symbol collection (e.g. International Chart 1 – IHO);<br />
:* a standard for symbol graphics (e.g. scalable vector graphics [SVG]);<br />
:* portrayal services (e.g. web map service);<br />
:* capability for non:*visual portrayal (e.g. aural symbology);<br />
:* dynamic rendering (e.g. on the fly contouring of tides);<br />
:* portrayal finishing rules (e.g. generalization, resolve overprinting, displacement rules);<br />
:* 3D symbolization (e.g. simulation modelling).<br />
<br />
'''Implementation benefits''' <br/><br />
The conceptual schema defined by ISO 19117 allows the development of a portrayal for a specific application field. This schema can be exchanged and implemented in different applications. One of the main benefits of ISO 19117 is that it will allow datasets to be displayed according to some specification without changing or manipulating the original dataset. Portrayal allows the client to create a unique representation for features to communicate an explicit meaning. ISO 19117 can be applied to a variety of products, such as hard copy maps, digital maps, and online representations in a web browser.<br />
<br />
'''Implementation guidelines''' <br/><br />
Portrayal is the process of presenting information to humans. The portrayal mechanism (as shown in Figure 11.1) makes it possible to portray a single dataset in multiple ways without altering the dataset. Each feature will point to a rule that is applied when the feature is generated on a map, for example.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 11.1.png|frame|center|alt= Illustration of the portrayal mechanism (Source ISO 19117:2012).|Figure 11.1 Illustration of the portrayal mechanism (Source ISO 19117:2012).]]<br />
<br />
The conceptual schema described in ISO 19117 is based on UML and follows the guidelines set out in ISO/TS 19103. The schema contains a series of UML packages, defining the portrayal core, and extensions for conditional functions, context, compound symbols, reusable components, parameterised symbols and the portrayal functions that use parameterised symbols. Fundamental to the concept of portrayal is that the symbols and portrayal functions shall be not be part of the dataset.<br />
<br />
: The portrayal core package is divided into three sub packages:<br />
<br />
:#Portrayal Function package<br/>This package is used to define mapping functions. The information to be portrayed shall be defined in an application schema, and all mandatory and conditional (if required) portrayal function elements shall be present in the functions. This package also ensures that elements, which are not being portrayed, are mapped to symbols with no components.<br />
:#Symbol package<br/>Symbol package is used to define symbols. For the symbol package a default symbol needs to be assigned, and all the mandatory and conditional (if required) symbol elements that shall be present. The core symbol class supports basic symbols, however, one can extend it, for example, with hatch fills or reusable symbols.<br />
:#Portrayal Catalogue package<br/>The portrayal catalogue package is used to define portrayal catalogues. The portrayal information, such as the feature portrayal functions and applicable symbols shall be present in the portrayal.<br />
<br />
'''2. Regulations of the IHO for international (INT) charts and chart specifications of the IHO (S-4)'''<br />
:'''Overview of S-4'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
|S-4, Regulations of the IHO for international (INT) charts and chart specifications of the IHO<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| Edition 4.4.0<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| IHO<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English, French<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| http://iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-4/S-4_e4.4.0_EN_Sep13.pdf<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| IHO Regulations <br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| S-11 Guidance for the preparation and maintenance of international chart schemes and catalogue of international charts <br/>S-57 IHO transfer standard for digital hydrographic data <br/>S-52 Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS <br/>S-65 ENCs: Production, maintenance and distribution guidance<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| S-4 specifies regulations of the IHO for International (INT) charts and chart specifications of the IHO. It specifically looks at regulations of the IHO for International (INT) charts, chart specifications of the IHO for medium- and large-scale National and International (INT) charts, and chart specifications of the IHO for small-scale International (INT) charts.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| None specified<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Scope'''<br/><br />
The publication S-4 (previously M-4) ‘Regulations of the IHO for International (INT) Charts and Chart Specifications of the IHO’, includes:<br />
:* Part A: ‘Regulations of the IHO for International (INT) Charts’<br />
:* Part B: ‘Chart Specifications of the IHO for Medium- and Large-scale National and International (INT) Charts’<br />
:* Part C: ‘Chart Specifications of the IHO for Small-Scale International (INT) Charts’<br />
<br />
The three parts of S-4 are further subdivided into Sections dealing with specific topics. Regulations and Specifications relating to particular topics may be found either by their subject matter in the Contents page at the beginning of each Section, or by reference to column 5 of INT 1 for Part B and the index for Part C. Cross referencing draws attention to related Regulations, Technical Resolutions and Specifications. This publication was developed and maintained by the IHO’s Chart Standardization Committee to 2003. Its maintenance is now the responsibility of the Chart Standardization and Paper Chart Working Group, to which comments and corrections should be advised.<br />
<br />
'''Implementation benefits'''<br/><br />
The regulations set out in S-4 are very detailed and provide guidelines for every aspect of a chart from design through production to dissemination. It is important that charts are designed and produced according to these regulations and guidelines to ensure safety for navigation. The intended users need to be able to read and understand charts produced by any country at any scale; this can only be ensured through rigorous regulations.<br />
<br />
'''Implementation guidelines'''<br/><br />
When S-4 was originally prepared, the term chart referred to a paper chart. Since then, electronic charts have become widely used. Digital charts require additional regulations, which are set out in S-52, S-57 and S-61. S-4 provides regulations for three types of charts:<br />
<br />
:# International Charts<br/>There are two types of international charts: marine navigation and information source. Marine navigation charts are produced by national hydrographical offices to cover international waters. The main aim of these charts is to assist in the safe navigation of coastal waters. Information sources are large-scale chart publications showing the detailed configuration of the seabed offshore. The information about the seabed shape is required by various users, for example, for navigation and construction purposes.<br />
:# Medium- and Large-scale Charts <br/>Medium- and large-scale charts are charts with a scale of 1:2 000 000 and larger.<br />
:# Small-Scale Charts <br/> Small-scale charts are charts with a scale smaller than 1:2 000 000. These charts provide a complete and comprehensive small-scale coverage, usable by all nations, for the world’s oceans.<br />
<br />
S-4 specifies regulations for the following aspects of international charts: general, schemas of International charts, specifications for International charts, maintenance of international charts, exchange of reproduction material, and financial aspects.<br />
<br />
For medium- and large-scale charts the regulations are more detailed. The regulations cover topics such as the terms and conventions used, translations of terms, symbology, geographic units, text styles, and use of colour.<br />
<br />
Lastly, the regulations for small scale charts look at the chart in general, the format of the chart, topography, hydrography and aids to navigation, geographic names, and style sheets.<br />
<br />
'''3. Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS (S-52)'''<br />
:'''Overview of S-52'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| S-52, Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| Edition 6.0.0<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| IHO<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| http://iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-52/S-52_e6.0_EN.pdf<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| IHO International Standard<br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| IMO Performance Standards for ECDIS, 1995 edition <br/>S-57 IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data <br/>IHO INT 1 Symbols, Abbreviations, Terms used on Charts <br/>IEC 62288 Presentation of navigation related information - General requirements, methods of test and required test results <br/>IEC 61174 ECDIS - Operational and performance requirements, methods of testing and required test results <br/>IEC 60945 Maritime Navigation and Radio Communication Equipment and Systems – General Requirements – Methods of Testing and Required Test Results <br/>IHO S-32 Appendix 1: Hydrographic Dictionary - Glossary of ECDIS-related terms <br/>IHO S-60 User´s Handbook on Datum Transformations involving WGS-84 <br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| S-52 defines the specifications for Chart Content and Display Aspects of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS), which are intended to contribute to the safe operation of ECDIS.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| None specified<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Scope'''<br/><br />
These Specifications for Chart Content and Display Aspects of ECDIS are intended to contribute to the safe operation of ECDIS by:<br />
<br />
:* ensuring a base and supplementary levels of display for ENC data; standards of symbols, colours and their standardized assignment to features; scale limitations of data presentation; and appropriate compatibility with paper chart symbols as standardized in the Chart Specifications of the IHO.<br />
:* ensuring the display is clear and unambiguous,<br />
:* ensuring that there is no uncertainty over the meaning of colours and symbols on the display,<br />
:* establishing an accepted pattern for ECDIS presentation that becomes familiar to mariners and so can be recognized instantly without confusion.<br />
<br />
'''Implementation benefits'''<br/><br />
S-52 was developed to ensure safety and efficiency of navigation by satisfying the requirements set out in the performance standards for ECDIS. The colours and symbols defined in S-52 are based on common symbology of conventional paper charts. However, due to the special conditions of the ECDIS chart display as a computer generated image, the ECDIS presentation of ENC data does not match the appearance of a conventional paper chart closely. The specification of symbols and colours ensures that the charts can be used and understood by individuals from different regions.<br />
<br />
'''Implementation guidelines'''<br/><br />
ECDIS have become popular with the widespread use of computer systems. S-52 provides specifications to ensure that these ECDIS are developed and used optimally. S-52 consists of the following components:<br />
<br />
:# Considerations – organising the display <br/>The design considerations go into great detail about the display and the different aspects of the data to be displayed. They provide detailed guidelines for the design process.<br />
:# Symbol specifications for areas, lines and points, and for text <br/>The symbol set for ECDIS is described in this specification and illustrations can be obtained in the ECDIS Chart 1 (in the Presentation Library).<br />
:# Specifications for colours <br/>EDCIS manufacturers can use any technology to develop their display as long as it meets the requirements set out in this specification. The requirements for the colours are described in detail and an accompanying file can be downloaded from the Presentation Library.<br />
:# Specifications for the display screen <br/>The physical display requirements specify a minimum screen size of 270mm X 270mm, a resolution greater than 864 lines per mm, and the use of 64 colours. The calibration of the display should be performed according to the guidelines in Annex 1 of S-52.<br />
<br />
There are also two annexes on the procedure for initial calibration of colour displays and the maintenance thereof.<br />
<br />
'''4. ENCs: Production, maintenance and distribution guidance (S-65)'''<br />
:'''Overview of S-65 ENCs''' <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| S-65 ENCs: Production, maintenance and distribution guidance<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| Edition 2.0.0<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| IHO<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English, French<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| http://iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-65/S-65_ed2.0.0_Apr12.pdf<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| IHO International Standard<br/>Application level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| S-57 IHO transfer standard for digital hydrographic data <br/>S-52 Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| S-65 provides guidelines for the production, maintenance and distribution of Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs).<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| None specified<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Scope'''<br/><br />
This document provides a high level guide to the production, maintenance and distribution of Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs). It offers a framework to inform hydrographical offices of the processes and requirements necessary to produce, maintain and distribute ENCs. It provides references to documentation, which can support each stage of the process. It is not intended to serve as a technical reference manual but to enable hydrographical offices to gain an overview of ENC production processes, and the requirements and procedures that need to be in place to set up an ENC production facility.<br />
<br />
'''Implementation benefits'''<br/><br />
S-65 enables Hydrographic Offices to gain an overview of ENC production processes, and the requirements and procedures that need to be in place to set up an ENC production facility. The process promotes accuracy and consistency across borders, provides up-to-date information in a timely manner, and satisfies user needs for safety in navigation.<br />
<br />
'''Implementation guidelines'''<br/><br />
ENCs consist of digitized data conforming to the specification set out in S-57 which record the relevant charted features necessary for safe navigation, such as coastlines, bathymetry, buoys and lights. The basic unit of geographic coverage for ENC is called a cell. S-65 describes the entire ENC process from production to distribution, and provides guidelines to hydrographical offices on the process and requirements. The following stages form part of this process:<br />
<br />
:# Design production process <br/>This stage consists of two steps: production method and quality system. During the production method, decisions on the source material are made. These depend on factors such as the quality and format of existing survey data, availability of accurately transformed data, and the facilities to produce rectified raster images. After the decisions on the source materials have been made, the production process is designed and a Quality Management System (QMS) is developed. Procedures should be in place at all the stages of the production process to ensure accuracy and consistency. Quality control and quality assurance are important during the production of ENCs.<br />
:# Define ENC production requirements <br/>The following steps are recommended to each Regional Hydrographic Commission (RHC): identify key shipping routes and ports within the region, identify charts covering these routes and ports to be captured as ENCs, identify producer nations for ENCs, and arrange for their production. The national production plan shall define which geographic areas are to be captured, which navigational purposes are to be populated for each area, how the areas are to be divided into cells for each navigational purpose, and the order of capture. This plan depends on factors, such as the liaisons with bordering countries and priority traffic routes, to name a few.<br />
:# Acquire production system <br/>The production system should depend on the production plan and the extent of data capturing that will be contracted out. Dependencies should be specified in the statement of requirements. There are two main types of production systems. The first type populates and maintain a database of ENC objects, attributes and attribute values in a format that is conformant with S-57. The second type creates individual flat files for each single ENC cell.<br />
:# Obtain and train staff <br/>The data should be structured and follow other requirements as set out in S-57. The content of the ENC, limits of the cells and cell navigation purpose are not covered in S-57 and should be decided upon.<br />
:# Prepare specification for data capture <br/><br />
:# Capture data for new cells <br/>Data can be captured in-house or contracted out. The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) data capture specifications and quality procedures are recommended.<br />
:# Edge match data <br/>It is important that the borders of cells with the same navigational purpose match, and accuracy should always be kept in mind. The cells should also match between countries and the hydrographical offices should collaborate to achieve this.<br />
:# Verify and validate data <br/>Verification and validation are important to ensure that the ENC cell content is accurate and consistent. Cells need to be checked for content and capture accuracy. Validation checks as specified in S-58 should be performed.<br />
:# Maintain ENCs <br/>After the ENC cell has been produced and distributed to the end users, the data should be maintained. The overall Quality Management System should include a mechanism for updating the cell design to meet the user needs. The processes for updating paper charts and ENCs should be synchronised. When an update is performed or a new edition is available, a Notice to Mariners is published.<br />
:# Distribute ENC data <br/>The distribution mechanism shall provide users with up-to-date ENC data in a timely manner to ensure safe navigation. The distribution system shall also ensure data integrity and data protection. The system should allow automatic updates of ENC data.<br />
<br />
'''5. Facts about electronic charts and carriage requirements (S-66)'''<br />
:'''Overview of S-66 Facts'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
| S-66, Facts about electronic charts and carriage requirements<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| Edition 1.0.0<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| IHO<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| http://iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-66/S-66_e1.0.0_EN.pdf<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| n/a<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| S-57 IHO transfer standard for digital hydrographic data <br/>S-52 Specifications for chart content and display aspects of ECDIS <br/>S-65 ENCs: Production, maintenance and distribution guidance<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| S-66 was developed to avoid uncertainty regarding terminology, to provide rules for professional marine navigation, and to describe the types of electronic charts that are available.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| None specified<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Scope'''<br/><br />
The International Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) includes a requirement for all ships to carry to up-to-date nautical charts and publications for the intended voyage. Progressively from 2012, the chart carriage requirement for certain classes of vessels is to be satisfied by electronic means using an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS).<br />
<br />
Feedback from those involved in the use of charts and electronic charting systems including manufacturers, distributors, users, ship owners, regulatory authorities, pilots, harbour authorities and others indicates a requirement to provide guidance on the regulations and the status of equipment that is available in the market today. In particular the differences between the various types of equipment and the differences between the various types of chart data offered to the users are unclear with respect to the regulations in place.<br />
<br />
This document has been produced to help clarify some of the uncertainties. It is not intended to replace or amend national or international rules and regulations. Readers should always refer to the relevant national administration or Flag State for the latest detailed information.<br />
<br />
This document consists of a number of interrelated sections. This first section contains information on various aspects of electronic charts and electronic chart display systems in the form of questions and answers. The main emphasis is on what can be used to satisfy the SOLAS carriage requirements for charts.<br />
<br />
:* Section 1: Overview of electronic charting and regulations<br />
:* Section 2: A list of points of contact for detailed information on Flag State Implementation of ECDIS<br />
:* Section 3: ECDIS Training<br />
:* Section 4: Technical aspects of electronic charts<br />
:* Section 5: Appendix: References, glossary, further reading<br />
<br />
'''Implementation benefits'''<br/><br />
S-66 is very beneficial to any person working with ENC or ECDIS. It provides a detailed introduction and general information on the field, and also useful information such as links to online resources, and a list of abbreviations.<br />
<br />
'''Implementation guidelines''' <br/><br />
S-66 is for information purposes and cannot be implemented. It provides detailed information on ENC, ECGIS, flag authorities, training objectives for ECDIS training, and technical details of electronic charts.</div>Sajanihttp://wiki.icaci.org/index.php?title=Map_standards&diff=54Map standards2015-11-22T10:05:49Z<p>Sajani: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Map Standards'''<br/><br />
''' 1. Portrayal (ISO 19117:2012)'''<br />
:'''Overview of ISO 19117:2012'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
|ISO 19117:2012, Geographic information -- Portrayal<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| Edition 2<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| ISO/TC 211<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English, French<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| Not available yet<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard <br/>Meta level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| OpenGIS Styled Layer Descriptor Profile of the Web Map Service Implementation Specification <br/>OpenGIS Symbology Encoding Implementation Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| ISO 19117 specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geo-spatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Portrayal core (general) <br/>Portrayal core – symbol <br/>Portrayal core – portrayal function <br/>Portrayal core – portrayal catalogue <br/>Portrayal core plus condition function extension <br/>Portrayal core plus context extension <br/>Portrayal core plus symbol parameter extension <br/>Portrayal core plus compound symbol extension <br/>Portrayal core plus complex symbol extension <br/>Portrayal core plus reusable symbol component extension <br/>Portrayal core plus symbol parameter extension<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Scope'''<br/><br />
This International Standard specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geo-spatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues. This conceptual schema can be used in the design of portrayal systems. It allows feature data to be separate from portrayal data, permitting data to be portrayed in a dataset independent manner.<br />
<br />
:This International Standard does not address the following:<br />
:* standard symbol collection (e.g. International Chart 1 – IHO);<br />
:* a standard for symbol graphics (e.g. scalable vector graphics [SVG]);<br />
:* portrayal services (e.g. web map service);<br />
:* capability for non:*visual portrayal (e.g. aural symbology);<br />
:* dynamic rendering (e.g. on the fly contouring of tides);<br />
:* portrayal finishing rules (e.g. generalization, resolve overprinting, displacement rules);<br />
:* 3D symbolization (e.g. simulation modelling).<br />
<br />
'''Implementation benefits''' <br/><br />
The conceptual schema defined by ISO 19117 allows the development of a portrayal for a specific application field. This schema can be exchanged and implemented in different applications. One of the main benefits of ISO 19117 is that it will allow datasets to be displayed according to some specification without changing or manipulating the original dataset. Portrayal allows the client to create a unique representation for features to communicate an explicit meaning. ISO 19117 can be applied to a variety of products, such as hard copy maps, digital maps, and online representations in a web browser.<br />
<br />
'''Implementation guidelines''' <br/><br />
Portrayal is the process of presenting information to humans. The portrayal mechanism (as shown in Figure 11.1) makes it possible to portray a single dataset in multiple ways without altering the dataset. Each feature will point to a rule that is applied when the feature is generated on a map, for example.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 11.1.png|frame|center|alt= Illustration of the portrayal mechanism (Source ISO 19117:2012).|Figure 11.1 Illustration of the portrayal mechanism (Source ISO 19117:2012).]]<br />
<br />
The conceptual schema described in ISO 19117 is based on UML and follows the guidelines set out in ISO/TS 19103. The schema contains a series of UML packages, defining the portrayal core, and extensions for conditional functions, context, compound symbols, reusable components, parameterised symbols and the portrayal functions that use parameterised symbols. Fundamental to the concept of portrayal is that the symbols and portrayal functions shall be not be part of the dataset.<br />
<br />
: The portrayal core package is divided into three sub packages:<br />
<br />
:#Portrayal Function package<br/>This package is used to define mapping functions. The information to be portrayed shall be defined in an application schema, and all mandatory and conditional (if required) portrayal function elements shall be present in the functions. This package also ensures that elements, which are not being portrayed, are mapped to symbols with no components.<br />
:#Symbol package<br/>Symbol package is used to define symbols. For the symbol package a default symbol needs to be assigned, and all the mandatory and conditional (if required) symbol elements that shall be present. The core symbol class supports basic symbols, however, one can extend it, for example, with hatch fills or reusable symbols.<br />
:#Portrayal Catalogue package<br/>The portrayal catalogue package is used to define portrayal catalogues. The portrayal information, such as the feature portrayal functions and applicable symbols shall be present in the portrayal.<br />
<br />
'''2. Regulations of the IHO for international (INT) charts and chart specifications of the IHO (S-4)'''<br />
:'''Overview of S-4'''</div>Sajanihttp://wiki.icaci.org/index.php?title=File:Figure_11.1.png&diff=53File:Figure 11.1.png2015-11-22T09:57:20Z<p>Sajani: Illustration of the portrayal mechanism (Source ISO 19117:2012)</p>
<hr />
<div>Illustration of the portrayal mechanism (Source ISO 19117:2012)</div>Sajanihttp://wiki.icaci.org/index.php?title=Map_standards&diff=52Map standards2015-11-22T09:45:02Z<p>Sajani: Created page with "'''Map Standards'''<br/> ''' 1. Portrayal (ISO 19117:2012)''' :'''Overview of ISO 19117:2012''' {| class="wikitable" | Full name |ISO 19117:2012, Geographic information -- Po..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Map Standards'''<br/><br />
''' 1. Portrayal (ISO 19117:2012)'''<br />
:'''Overview of ISO 19117:2012'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| Full name<br />
|ISO 19117:2012, Geographic information -- Portrayal<br />
|-<br />
| Version<br />
| Edition 2<br />
|-<br />
| Amendments<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Corrigenda<br />
| None<br />
|-<br />
| Published by<br />
| ISO/TC 211<br />
|-<br />
| Languages<br />
| English, French<br />
|-<br />
| Online overview<br />
| Not available yet<br />
|-<br />
| Type of standard<br />
| ISO International Standard <br/>Meta level<br />
|-<br />
| Related standard(s)<br />
| OpenGIS Styled Layer Descriptor Profile of the Web Map Service Implementation Specification <br/>OpenGIS Symbology Encoding Implementation Specification<br />
|-<br />
| Application<br />
| ISO 19117 specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geo-spatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues.<br />
|-<br />
| Conformance classes<br />
| Portrayal core (general) <br/>Portrayal core – symbol <br/>Portrayal core – portrayal function <br/>Portrayal core – portrayal catalogue <br/>Portrayal core plus condition function extension <br/>Portrayal core plus context extension <br/>Portrayal core plus symbol parameter extension <br/>Portrayal core plus compound symbol extension <br/>Portrayal core plus complex symbol extension <br/>Portrayal core plus reusable symbol component extension <br/>Portrayal core plus symbol parameter extension<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Scope'''<br/><br />
This International Standard specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geo-spatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues. This conceptual schema can be used in the design of portrayal systems. It allows feature data to be separate from portrayal data, permitting data to be portrayed in a dataset independent manner.<br />
<br />
:This International Standard does not address the following:<br />
:* standard symbol collection (e.g. International Chart 1 – IHO);<br />
:* a standard for symbol graphics (e.g. scalable vector graphics [SVG]);<br />
:* portrayal services (e.g. web map service);<br />
:* capability for non:*visual portrayal (e.g. aural symbology);<br />
:* dynamic rendering (e.g. on the fly contouring of tides);<br />
:* portrayal finishing rules (e.g. generalization, resolve overprinting, displacement rules);<br />
:* 3D symbolization (e.g. simulation modelling).<br />
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'''Implementation benefits''' <br/><br />
The conceptual schema defined by ISO 19117 allows the development of a portrayal for a specific application field. This schema can be exchanged and implemented in different applications. One of the main benefits of ISO 19117 is that it will allow datasets to be displayed according to some specification without changing or manipulating the original dataset. Portrayal allows the client to create a unique representation for features to communicate an explicit meaning. ISO 19117 can be applied to a variety of products, such as hard copy maps, digital maps, and online representations in a web browser.<br />
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'''Implementation guidelines''' <br/><br />
Portrayal is the process of presenting information to humans. The portrayal mechanism (as shown in Figure 11.1) makes it possible to portray a single dataset in multiple ways without altering the dataset. Each feature will point to a rule that is applied when the feature is generated on a map, for example.<br />
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'''Figure 11.1 Illustration of the portrayal mechanism (Source ISO 19117:2012)'''<br />
The conceptual schema described in ISO 19117 is based on UML and follows the guidelines set out in ISO/TS 19103. The schema contains a series of UML packages, defining the portrayal core, and extensions for conditional functions, context, compound symbols, reusable components, parameterised symbols and the portrayal functions that use parameterised symbols. Fundamental to the concept of portrayal is that the symbols and portrayal functions shall be not be part of the dataset.<br />
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: The portrayal core package is divided into three sub packages:<br />
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:#Portrayal Function package<br/>This package is used to define mapping functions. The information to be portrayed shall be defined in an application schema, and all mandatory and conditional (if required) portrayal function elements shall be present in the functions. This package also ensures that elements, which are not being portrayed, are mapped to symbols with no components.<br />
:#Symbol package<br/>Symbol package is used to define symbols. For the symbol package a default symbol needs to be assigned, and all the mandatory and conditional (if required) symbol elements that shall be present. The core symbol class supports basic symbols, however, one can extend it, for example, with hatch fills or reusable symbols.<br />
:#Portrayal Catalogue package<br/>The portrayal catalogue package is used to define portrayal catalogues. The portrayal information, such as the feature portrayal functions and applicable symbols shall be present in the portrayal.<br />
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'''2. Regulations of the IHO for international (INT) charts and chart specifications of the IHO (S-4)'''<br />
:'''Overview of S-4'''</div>Sajani